Hello, my name is David Brownlee and I'm a professor of Modern Architectural History here in Penn’s History of Art department. The building that you've asked about is today called the Anne and Jerome Fisher Fine Arts library, but it was completed in 1891 as the University Library serving the entire campus. Its designer was the famous Frank Furness, the greatest of the Philadelphia Victorian architects.
I suspect that the first thing that you notice about this building is that it is red. Everything about it is ferociously red - red sandstone, red brick, red terracotta, red roof tiles, red painted wooden trim, even the copper, which is now green, started out as red of course. This vibrant color pulls together all the diverse materials in a visual and physical, and we would probably say, organic way. It matters almost not at all what style this building is, and in fact it's hard to say what the style is! It was Furness’ marvelously muddled together Romanesque and other medieval, even classical forms. What does matter is the strong and directly visual appeal, something as modern as an impressionist painting and it's addressed to the eye.
But it's not just a matter of appearances. The University asked Furness to design this building in 1888 when it was just beginning to reorganize itself systematically and into the distinct schools and research divisions that are familiar to us today. “Specialization” had become a buzzword in business and industry and the booming industrial city of Philadelphia, its echoes were sounded loudly at Penn.
Frank Furness’ biggest clients were Philadelphia’s railroads and banks and so it was presumed from the start that his new library building would be perfectly adapted to its purposes, as specialized in the modern railroad station or bank. To help plan the perfect library, Melville Dewey, inventor of the Dewey decimal system of book cataloging, was brought in as a consultant, and Furness quickly developed a plan that separated the various functions of the building in order to create ideal conditions for each of them.
Since reading books required bright indirect light and an appropriately serious atmosphere, Furness built a stupendous four-story tall reading room lit from above. But storing the books‑ which by the hundreds of thousands poured out of the steam-powered printing presses of the 19th century- that demanded another kind of space. And for Penn, Furness created the first new library with the bookstack, essentially a huge shed in which a towering multi-story steel bookcase system could be built. This bookstack was entirely separate from the reading room. Very plain, even industrial in detail and absolutely fireproof. Furness even designed the stack so that its outer wall could be moved and the whole building enlarged as the number of books grew. The library was also originally designed to house a large auditorium, and for this purpose Furness devised its own specialized solution. He placed the horseshoe shaped auditorium on the upper floor expressing its curved perimeter and the sweeping semicircular apse at the north end of the building. This placement required a large stair and for this he built a great tower over the library entrance and marked the ascending stairway with diagonally placed windows on the front of the building. The auditorium never functioned as such, for it was claimed soon as the building opened to display the burgeoning collections of the University Museum. When the main university book collection moved to Van Pelt Library in 1962, the old library, by now called the “Furness Building,” was reassigned to the Art and Architecture Library. This great work of architecture, simultaneously a poem in red and a factory for scholarship, was named a National Historic Landmark in 1972. You may enter the library and the Arthur Ross Gallery, a venue for changing exhibitions, through the main entrance and please visit the exhibition gallery of the university's wonderful Architectural Archives which has its own door at the north end of the building.